Instrumental analysis and testing of counterfeit Viagra suspected to Essay

Instrumental analysis and testing of counterfeit Viagra suspected to contain amphetamine - Essay Example phRMA has requested China, Mexico, Indonesia, Lebanon and many countries in the Central America to have a close watch on the drugs used in their countries. They have also warned those countries that the illegal drugs were found to get originated from Czech Republic, Sweden and Switzerland. (Oslen et al., 2002).The Drug manufacturer take many necessary steps to prevent counterfeiting of the drugs but their efforts are getting veined off because of the different methods that they adopt in trade and their distribution systems are very complex for tracing off. The illegal drug manufacturers are very smart enough to steal the name, basic formula, holograms and are able to prepare the counterfeit drug very smartly as the real drug. This has become a head ache for all the drug manufacturers. The only possibility for them is to develop analytical methods that can easily identify the authentic and fake products through simple testing methods. Sildenafil Citrate is a drug that is used to treat the pulmonary arterial hypertension and erectile dysfunction. Its Brand Name is Viagra, developed and marketed by Pfizer.the chemical composition of Sildenafil citrate is 1-( [3- ( 6, 7- dihydromethyl -7- oxo -3- propyl -1H – pyrazolo [4,3 - d] pyrimidin – 5 – yl ) - 4- ethoxy – phenyl ] sulfonyl ])- 4 – methyl piperazine. Viagra is used as a novel oral medicine for penile erectile dysfunction, the inability to keep hard erect penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Sildenafil citrate inhibits the cyclic guanosine monophosphate- specific phosphodiesterase present at the penis and making the cGMP to get accumulated at the corpus cavemonsum. This pill when taken inside, starts its effect after the twenty minutes of inhalation and lasts up to three hals lifes ( 18 hours ). Viagra came in to the market by 1998 after the US Food and Drug Administration approved it. Viagra was recommended for Erectile dysfunction as the over the counter drug. By the year 2002, Viagra sales accounted for about 92% of the global market for the pill to treat erectile dysfunction. The safety of this medicine was established in many pre- and post- approval studies. Phosphodiesterase family type five classes.(PDE). The PDE - 5 class receptors are found in corpus cavernoscum, platelets, skeletal muscle, vascular and visceral muscles. Of these at penis there are larger amount of PDE-5 than any other region. PDE-5 breaks down cGMP which causes the contraction of the penile arteries and smooth muscles. As the chemical structure of sildenafil is similar to the cGMP, the binding of sildenafil inhibits the cGMP from binding to the PDE-5 through the competitive inhibition mechanism. (McCullough, 2002). Amphetamine is a phenlyethylamine class drug that acts as a psycho stimulant drug. This drug is generally used as a performance enhancer. Amphetamine is found to increase the energy level, wakefulness and they are able to make the body work even at appetite an d fatigue conditions. Because of these characteristics Amphetamine is chosen as a counterifeit drug for Viagra by the illegal drug manufacturers. In the counterfeit Viagra’s, Sildenafil was present at lower concentration and the other drugs such as amphetamine, methamphetamine and ring substituted analogs. A rapid screening technique is essential for the quick identification of the counterfeit drug from the real ones. Various

Homiletical Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homiletical Perspective - Essay Example In a bid to evaluating various homiletic challenges in this story, the issues of significant concern include the preacher to preach this text, problems arising from the text for a contemporary congregation, and surprise twists within the story. In addition, the paper attempts to identify different ways through which image and story can be used beyond strict analogy in shaping the lives of contemporary Christians. It is evident from this paper that there are different ways through which sermons on the story can be used to shape lives of Christians. Effects of the text on life of a community as well as the future of this story form part of the paper. Evidently, anyone who can understand and interpret various messages in this long passage can preach the text. After all, preaching simply entails delivering a sermon or religious address to a group of followers. Preaching also includes teaching or proclaiming some religious messages3. Therefore, it is possible that anyone having the abilit y to address a gathering or assemblage of persons can preach this text. Nonetheless, not all preachers will find this text good to preach4. Other than its length, the text poses homiletic issues especially with reference to contemporary Christians. What’s more, preaching this text requires an emotionally strong preacher who can overcome emotions especially from the congregation given that this scripture evokes a lot of emotions. Two main homiletic challenges that make this text not appealing to many preachers are that Mark does not talk about the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the fact that Mark through his story evokes a lot of emotions from the listeners. Amazingly, Mark vividly describes the trials and death of Jesus Christ without mentioning His resurrection5. This provides the first homiletic challenge. Salvation according to Christians is the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Christians strongly believe that through the death of Jesus Christ on the cross all the sins were washed. His resurrection on the other hand depicts a new dawn in respect to salvation. Consequently, it becomes difficult for a preacher to talk about salvation without mentioning resurrection of Jesus Christ as it is in this text. Surprisingly, this text is used during Palm Sunday, which forms the foundation of Christian faith. If Jesus Christ had died without resurrecting then they would not have been salvation of mankind. In his story, Mark only addresses trials and the death of Jesus Christ. Secondly, Mark’s story of Jesus Christ’s trials and death evokes a lot of emotions from the listeners as well as readers. There is no doubt that emotions impair ability to critically and rationally think. When the congregation in question starts becoming emotional, the preacher may be affected as well hence impeding his/her sermon6. The text in this gospel vividly describes how Jesus Christ was tried, mocked, struck on the head, and later on crucified. Most Christian s of course have watched movies on the passion of Jesus Christ. There is likelihood that whenever this scripture is read most Christians always imagine the real action. This evokes emotions of the Christians, which may also in turn cause the preacher to be emotional. Though the length of the scripture does not cause much problem to many preachers, there are those who find it too long to preach on. In any case, the text addresses various aspects of Jesus Christ’s trial, crucifixion, death, and burial. Many preachers try to link these aspects of Christ in a bid to passing the desired message to the congregation7. Notably, when a text or scripture has various aspects it is always advisable to pick on a specific aspect and provide sermon on the same. After all, there is no universal or specific